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Battle of Warsaw (1705)
The Battle of Warsaw (also known as Battle of Rakowitz〔after a village Rakowiec that later became part of the Ochota district of Warsaw〕) took place on 31 July 1705 near Warsaw. Swedish forces under Carl Nieroth defeated the Polish-Lithuanian-Saxonian forces under Otto Arnold von Paykull.
==Background==
Part of the Great Northern War constituted a civil war in Poland (1704–1706), between the forces of the Warsaw Confederation, supporting the pretender king Stanisław Leszczyński, and the Sandomierz Confederation, supporting king August II the Strong. Sweden supported Leszczyński against August, and sent a contingent of troops to Leszczyński's aid, under Carl Nieroth. In July 1705 the Saxon commander Otto Arnold von Paykull and his allies from the Warsaw Confederation decided to take on the numerically inferior Swedish forces loyal to Leszczyński.〔(Northern Wars, the battle of Warsaw 1705, Oskar Sjöström ) (pdf)〕
The battle was part of the campaign plan created by Johann Patkul and Otto Arnold von Paykull to crush Charles XII's army with overwhelming odds in a gathered allied offensive, which was to be executed in order; the Russian general Boris Sheremetev would engage the Swedish general Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt in Courland and there beat him to secure the march under Georg Benedict Ogilvy, towards the strongly fortified Grodno. Here Ogilvy was believed able to withstand Charles long enough for the Saxon stationed army under Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg to flank through Krakow, and subsequently engage the Swedes from behind – creating a strategic "hammer and anvil" strike, together with Ogilvy's frontal 'Grodno' troops.〔(Hammer and anvil strike against Charles, 2:32 )〕〔Sjöström (2008), p.72〕 At the same time, Paykull would gather a force of Saxons, Poles and Lithuanians and march towards Warsaw to interrupt the coronation of pretender king Stanisław Leszczyński.〔
The plan was executed in July 1705 by Peter I, and with a superior force of 120,000 allied soldiers against only 40,000 Swedes who were able to stand between their achievements, the Russians launched their first assault according to the plan.〔Sjöström (2008), p.69〕 General Sheremetev immediately engaged Lewenhaupt at the battle of Gemauerthof on 26 July. However, the Swedish general was able to repulse the attack, suffering heavy casualties, before withdrawing to Riga. Paykull then marched with his combined Saxon-Polish-Lithuanian army against Carl Nieroth's force protecting Warsaw. The two armies clashed near Warsaw, just five days after the battle of Gemauerthof.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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